If you love historic buildings, you’ve probably seen a plaque that reads: This property has been placed on the National Register of Historic Places by the United States Department of the Interior. The National Register of Historic Places is the nation’s official list of properties significant to American history, at the local, state, or national level. But what exactly does National Register listing mean? How did this program begin, and what protections — or limitations — does it offer historic properties?
The origins of the National Register of Historic Places
The National Register was created by the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966. After World War II, many historic buildings were demolished to make way for modern infrastructure and urban renewal projects. By the 1960s, preservation advocates were alarmed by the rapid loss of historic structures. Their efforts culminated in a report titled With Heritage So Rich, which highlighted the nation’s preservation crisis and called for legislative action. This report directly influenced the NHPA, which established the National Register of Historic Places and laid the groundwork for federal historic preservation efforts.
What does National Register listing mean?
Being listed on the National Register of Historic Places recognizes a property's historical significance, but it doesn’t automatically protect it from demolition or alteration. Contrary to common misconceptions, National Register listing places no restrictions on private property owners. Protections only apply when federal funding or permits are involved, triggering a review process to assess potential impacts on historic properties.
However, National Register properties may qualify for preservation grants, tax credits, and other financial incentives that can help offset the costs of restoration and maintenance—making listing an appealing option for many property owners.
The National Register nomination process
Getting a property listed on the National Register involves an in-depth nomination process with three levels of review: state, state review board, and federal. The process typically unfolds as follows:
Preparing the National Register nomination form: This detailed document captures the property’s history, significance, and physical characteristics. Key sections include:
Statement of significance: Explains why the property is historically important, linking it to one or more of the Register’s criteria (significant events, notable people, architectural merit, or archaeological potential). This section requires thorough historical research and credible sources.
Narrative description: Provides a detailed account of the property’s physical features and condition, demonstrating that it retains enough historic integrity to convey its significance.
Submitting to the State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO): The SHPO reviews the nomination and may request revisions before presenting it to the State Review Board, a panel of preservation experts.
Final review by the National Park Service (NPS): If the State Review Board approves the nomination, it’s forwarded to the NPS for final review and official listing.
The entire process can take a year or more, depending on the nomination’s complexity and completeness. But for many communities and property owners, the effort is worthwhile — listing a site on the National Register raises public awareness, encourages preservation efforts, and connects properties to valuable funding opportunities.
Why the National Register matters
Understanding the National Register of Historic Places helps demystify its role in preservation. It’s not a legal shield against change, but a powerful tool that elevates the importance of historic sites. And sometimes, that recognition is enough to inspire communities to safeguard their heritage for generations to come.
Whether you’re a property owner considering a nomination or simply a history enthusiast, learning about the National Register helps highlight the value of preserving America’s historic places — ensuring their stories continue to enrich our shared cultural landscape.